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...to introduce double-strand breaks in the genome. The cell's natural repair mechanisms then incorporate desired changes, such as insertions or deletions. The most ...tify;">ZFNs consist of zinc finger proteins linked to the FokI restriction enzyme. Each zinc finger recognizes a 3-base-pair DNA triplet, allowing assembly o

...of viral DNA as "spacers" between repetitive sequences, enabling the Cas9 enzyme—guided by a complementary RNA molecule—to recognize and cleave invading ...uces double-strand breaks at precise locations, triggering cellular repair mechanisms such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) for gene disruption or homology-d