{"id":154,"date":"2025-09-15T13:14:45","date_gmt":"2025-09-15T12:14:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/?p=154"},"modified":"2025-09-15T13:14:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-15T12:14:45","slug":"indias-government-expenditure-crony-capitalism-debt-fueled-infrastructure-and-rampant-corruption-2014-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/2025\/09\/15\/indias-government-expenditure-crony-capitalism-debt-fueled-infrastructure-and-rampant-corruption-2014-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"India\u2019s Government Expenditure: Crony Capitalism, Debt-Fueled Infrastructure, And Rampant Corruption (2014-2025)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

India\u2019s central government expenditure under the Modi regime ballooned from \u20b916.07 lakh crore in FY 2014-15 to \u20b950.65 lakh crore in FY 2025-26 (BE), a nominal CAGR of ~12%. Capital expenditure (capex) within this surged from \u20b92.4 lakh crore to \u20b911.21 lakh crore, ostensibly driving growth via infrastructure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yet this spending spree reveals crony favoritism toward conglomerates like Adani and Ambani, unsustainable debt (public debt at 85% of GDP by 2025), neglected welfare (stagnant at ~20% of budget), and systemic corruption\u2014flagged by CAG audits and CBI probes\u2014with cumulative losses of \u20b99-10 lakh crore from irregularities, unutilised funds (10-20% annually), and embezzlement.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Private players contributed ~20-25% via taxes and PPPs but reaped 2-3x in benefits through tax cuts, exemptions, and contracts, while masses bore the brunt via indirect taxes and borrowings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exports rose 50% ($314 bn to $470 bn), aided by PLI schemes and supply chain improvements (logistics costs down 14%), but post-harvest losses lingered at 20% for farmers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiscal deficits targeted 4.4% of GDP in 2025-26, yet off-budget borrowings and idle assets eroded GDP impact by 1-2%. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In essence, reforms masked elite capture, widening inequality (top 1% wealth at 40%) at the expense of the poor.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overall Expenditure: Explosive Nominal Growth, Modest Real Gains Amid Waste<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Total expenditure grew 215% nominally, averaging 11% yearly pre-COVID and 20-25% spikes post-2020, slowing to 6-7% recently for fiscal discipline. Inflation-adjusted (~5-6% average), real growth was ~6-7%, barely exceeding population growth. Interest payments consumed 25-30% (\u20b911.5 lakh crore in 2025-26, up from \u20b93.5 lakh crore in 2014), while borrowings financed 30-40% (\u20b914.8 lakh crore in 2025-26). Capex share rose from 2-3% to 3.1% of GDP, but unspent funds (averaging 10-15%) and irregularities limited contributions to GDP via gross fixed capital formation (GFCF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Financial Year<\/th>Total Expenditure (\u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>Yearly % Change (Nominal)<\/th>Capex (\u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>Key Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2014-15<\/td>16.07<\/td>\u2013<\/td>2.4<\/td>Baseline; stabilization focus.<\/td><\/tr>
2015-16<\/td>17.77<\/td>+10.6%<\/td>2.5<\/td>Demonetization prep; modest infra.<\/td><\/tr>
2016-17<\/td>19.65<\/td>+10.6%<\/td>2.7<\/td>GST costs; early irregularities (~\u20b920,000 crore).<\/td><\/tr>
2017-18<\/td>21.41<\/td>+9.0%<\/td>3.0<\/td>Infra push; smart cities overruns (~\u20b922,000 crore).<\/td><\/tr>
2018-19<\/td>24.15<\/td>+12.8%<\/td>3.0<\/td>Pre-election; airport embezzlement (~\u20b925,000 crore).<\/td><\/tr>
2019-20<\/td>27.86<\/td>+15.4%<\/td>3.4<\/td>Aviation crisis; tax cut saves corporates \u20b91.45 lakh crore.<\/td><\/tr>
2020-21<\/td>34.83<\/td>+25.0%<\/td>4.4<\/td>COVID stimulus; PPE scams (~\u20b930,000 crore), 18-20% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr>
2021-22<\/td>39.44<\/td>+13.3%<\/td>5.5<\/td>Vaccine irregularities (~\u20b935,000 crore); 14% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr>
2022-23<\/td>45.03<\/td>+14.2%<\/td>7.5<\/td>Capex boom; NREGA embezzlement (~\u20b940,000 crore).<\/td><\/tr>
2023-24 (A)<\/td>44.43<\/td>-1.3%<\/td>7.9<\/td>Election caution; welfare idle \u20b91.54 lakh crore (62% unutilised), irregularities ~\u20b92.5 lakh crore.<\/td><\/tr>
2024-25 (RE)<\/td>47.16<\/td>+6.1%<\/td>11.0<\/td>Bihar package \u20b913,000 crore; customs arrears \u20b951,784 crore, CBI pendency 7,072.<\/td><\/tr>
2025-26 (BE)<\/td>50.65<\/td>+7.4%<\/td>11.21<\/td>Debt-financed; projected 10-15% unutilised, irregularities ~\u20b93.17 lakh crore.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Sources: PRS India, Union Budget, CAG reports, CBI data. % changes nominal; unutilisation from CAG\/ED; irregularities grew ~20x overall, outpacing capex (~4.5x).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sectoral Breakdown: Infra for Corporates, Crumbs And Corruption For The Rest<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Spending favored business-enabling sectors: infrastructure (10-15%, easing supply chains via Bharatmala and Gati Shakti, transit times down 20-30%), defense (13-15%, exports up 300% via offsets), and subsidies (8-9%, aiding agri-corps more than small farmers). Welfare (health\/education\/rural at 20% or less) stagnated in real per capita terms amid inflation, with MGNREGA as a vote-bank tool. Capex irregularities (tender rigging, bribery) caused ~10-15% losses annually, including idle assets (e.g., \u20b9573 crore railway lapses in 2024-25) and overpayments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Major Sector<\/th>Avg. Share 2014-2020 (%)<\/th>Avg. Share 2021-2025 (%)<\/th>Key Beneficiaries & Impact<\/th>Amount in 2025-26 (\u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>Notable Corruption\/Unutilized<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
Interest Payments<\/td>22%<\/td>25%<\/td>Debt holders (banks, FIIs); no economic benefit.<\/td>11.5<\/td>Minimal direct, but debt from off-budget hides lapses.<\/td><\/tr>
Defense<\/td>12%<\/td>13%<\/td>Private firms (Tata, L&T); exports +300%.<\/td>6.81<\/td>Rafale scrutiny (~\u20b920,000-28,000 crore 2016-19); bribery cases.<\/td><\/tr>
Infrastructure (Roads\/Rails\/Ports)<\/td>8%<\/td>12%<\/td>Corporates (Adani, L&T); exports +50%, logistics -14%.<\/td>5.12<\/td>Highway overruns (~\u20b915,000-40,000 crore); 10-15% unutilized, Bihar \u20b970,000 crore UCs pending.<\/td><\/tr>
Subsidies (Food\/Fertilizer)<\/td>9%<\/td>8%<\/td>Farmers (partial), agri-corps; storage marginal.<\/td>4.26<\/td>FCI inefficiencies; 20% post-harvest losses persist.<\/td><\/tr>
Rural Dev\/Agriculture<\/td>6%<\/td>5%<\/td>Small biz\/big firms via PLI; exports aided.<\/td>3.5 (incl. PM-KISAN)<\/td>NREGA infra embezzlement (~\u20b940,000 crore 2022); agri underspent \u20b911,000 crore (2024).<\/td><\/tr>
Health<\/td>2%<\/td>2.5%<\/td>Private hospitals (Ayushman); access unchanged.<\/td>0.9<\/td>Ventilator misallocation (~\u20b935,000 crore 2021); 62% welfare idle (2023).<\/td><\/tr>
Education<\/td>3%<\/td>3%<\/td>Ed-tech; quality declined.<\/td>1.25<\/td>Social sector delays; ~11-62% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr>
Others (Social Welfare)<\/td>20%<\/td>18%<\/td>Marginal; inequality up.<\/td>10-12 total<\/td>Cumulative \u20b91.54 lakh crore idle (2023); CBI cases ~1,200-1,600\/year.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Historical shares from budget docs\/PRS; 2025-26 from Expenditure Profile. Private firms secured 60-70% infra via PPPs; CAG\/ED losses ~\u20b99-10 lakh crore cumulative.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aided vs. Unaided: Central Cronies Over Federal Equity, Marred By Leaks<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Aided expenditure (CSS, ~11%, 60:40 center-state) focused on welfare (MGNREGA, PMJAY), growing at 11% CAGR but with 20-30% implementation leaks. Unaided (CS, ~30-35%, 100% center-funded) targeted PSUs\/private (nuclear, PLI), outpacing at 13% CAGR and benefiting exports via incentives. International contributions (~\u20b9400-700 crore\/year, 0.01-0.02% of budget) to IMF\/World Bank\/UNDP\u2014fully unaided\u2014prioritized global prestige, enabling loans that looped back to crony projects while imposing domestic austerity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/th>Aided (CSS, \u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>% Change<\/th>Unaided (CS, \u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>% Change<\/th>Beneficiaries (Aided)<\/th>Beneficiaries (Unaided) & Manner<\/th>International (\u20b9 Crore, Unaided)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2014-15<\/td>1.5<\/td>\u2013<\/td>4.0<\/td>\u2013<\/td>States (rural); jobs.<\/td>PSUs\/private (infra); contracts.<\/td>418 (IDA ~250)<\/td><\/tr>
2015-16<\/td>1.7<\/td>+13%<\/td>4.5<\/td>+12.5%<\/td>Poor (MGNREGA).<\/td>Corps (defense); offsets.<\/td>446 (+7%)<\/td><\/tr>
2016-17<\/td>1.9<\/td>+12%<\/td>5.0<\/td>+11%<\/td>Farmers (storage).<\/td>Exporters (PLI); exemptions.<\/td>454 (+2%)<\/td><\/tr>
2017-18<\/td>2.2<\/td>+16%<\/td>5.5<\/td>+10%<\/td>Women (health).<\/td>Infra firms; PPPs.<\/td>408 (-10%)<\/td><\/tr>
2018-19<\/td>2.5<\/td>+14%<\/td>6.2<\/td>+13%<\/td>Rural biz.<\/td>Auto\/electronics; incentives.<\/td>450 (+10%)<\/td><\/tr>
2019-20<\/td>2.8<\/td>+12%<\/td>7.0<\/td>+13%<\/td>COVID states.<\/td>Private R&D; deductions.<\/td>500 (+11%)<\/td><\/tr>
2020-21<\/td>3.5<\/td>+25%<\/td>8.5<\/td>+21%<\/td>Poor\/migrants.<\/td>Corps (stimulus).<\/td>600 (+20%)<\/td><\/tr>
2021-22<\/td>4.0<\/td>+14%<\/td>9.5<\/td>+12%<\/td>Health (PMJAY).<\/td>Infra (Gati Shakti); exports.<\/td>620 (+3%)<\/td><\/tr>
2022-23<\/td>4.4<\/td>+10%<\/td>10.5<\/td>+11%<\/td>Rural storage.<\/td>Defense private.<\/td>624 (+1%)<\/td><\/tr>
2023-24 (A)<\/td>4.4<\/td>0%<\/td>14.2<\/td>+35%<\/td>Stagnant welfare.<\/td>Capex surge; contracts.<\/td>710 (+14%)<\/td><\/tr>
2024-25 (RE)<\/td>4.2<\/td>-5%<\/td>15.1<\/td>+6%<\/td>Cuts hurt poor.<\/td>Private infra; PLI.<\/td>712 (+0%)<\/td><\/tr>
2025-26 (BE)<\/td>5.4<\/td>+29%<\/td>16.2<\/td>+7%<\/td>States (NREGA).<\/td>Corps (nuclear\/ports).<\/td>623 (-12%)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Data from NIPFP\/PRS\/Budget Statement 21; international from Factly.in. Aided leaks 20-30%; unaided grew 2x faster, with \u20b95-6 lakh crore yearly exemptions.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Revenue Sources: Masses Taxed, Future Borrowed, Corporates Exempted<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Gross tax revenue (~70% of receipts) relied on indirect taxes (60%, GST ~\u20b920 lakh crore in 2025, boosting GDP ~0.5-1% but with early state pendings up to 25% in 2020-21). Direct taxes (40%) saw corporate share dip post-2019 cut (effective rate 15-20%). Borrowings (30-40%) pushed debt to \u20b9171.71 trillion (57% GDP in 2023-24). Private contributions (~20-25%, \u20b99-10 lakh crore taxes + \u20b910-15 lakh crore PPPs annually) paled against benefits (infra access + incentives ~\u20b930 lakh crore in 2025, ratio 200-208%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/th>Tax Revenue (% Total Receipts)<\/th>Borrowings (% Total)<\/th>Non-Tax (% Total)<\/th>Private Contrib. (Taxes+PPPs, \u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>Benefits (Infra+Incentives, \u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th>Ratio (Benefits\/Contrib, %)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2014-15<\/td>65% (11.4 total)<\/td>35% (5.9)<\/td>15% (2.5)<\/td>2.5<\/td>4.0<\/td>160%<\/td><\/tr>
2015-16<\/td>68% (12.5)<\/td>32% (6.2)<\/td>14% (2.6)<\/td>2.8<\/td>4.5<\/td>161%<\/td><\/tr>
2016-17<\/td>70% (13.5)<\/td>30% (6.5)<\/td>13% (2.8)<\/td>3.0<\/td>5.0<\/td>167%<\/td><\/tr>
2017-18<\/td>72% (15.0)<\/td>28% (7.0)<\/td>12% (3.0)<\/td>3.5<\/td>6.0<\/td>171%<\/td><\/tr>
2018-19<\/td>74% (16.5)<\/td>26% (7.5)<\/td>11% (3.2)<\/td>4.0<\/td>7.0<\/td>175%<\/td><\/tr>
2019-20<\/td>75% (18.0)<\/td>25% (8.0)<\/td>10% (3.5)<\/td>4.5<\/td>8.0<\/td>178%<\/td><\/tr>
2020-21<\/td>60% (19.0)<\/td>40% (14.0)<\/td>12% (4.0)<\/td>6.0<\/td>12.0<\/td>200%<\/td><\/tr>
2021-22<\/td>65% (22.0)<\/td>35% (13.5)<\/td>13% (4.5)<\/td>7.5<\/td>15.0<\/td>200%<\/td><\/tr>
2022-23<\/td>68% (25.0)<\/td>32% (14.0)<\/td>14% (5.0)<\/td>9.0<\/td>18.0<\/td>200%<\/td><\/tr>
2023-24<\/td>70% (27.0)<\/td>30% (13.5)<\/td>15% (5.5)<\/td>10.0<\/td>20.0<\/td>200%<\/td><\/tr>
2024-25<\/td>72% (29.0)<\/td>28% (14.0)<\/td>16% (6.0)<\/td>11.0<\/td>22.0<\/td>200%<\/td><\/tr>
2025-26<\/td>74% (32.0)<\/td>26% (14.8)<\/td>17% (5.8)<\/td>12.0<\/td>25.0<\/td>208%<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

From Receipt Budget\/PRS\/CEIC\/PLI reports; GST pendings fell to <1% by 2025. Imbalance widened post-2019; cumulative private net gain ~\u20b913 lakh crore.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Non-Welfare vs. Commercial Spending: Profits Over People, Inflated By Stock Props<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Non-welfare (~50%, interest\/defense\/admin) and commercial\/infra (~15-22%) dominated, doubling as % of total and benefiting private via \u20b950-60 lakh crore capex (2014-25, 70% captured). Welfare (~20%) lagged (10% CAGR vs. infra’s 15%), with \u20b920-25 lakh crore total but stagnant real terms. Government propped markets via DIIs (EPFO\/LIC ~\u20b95-10 lakh crore\/year in equities, total ~\u20b950-60 lakh crore), inflating Sensex (25k to 80k) and PE ratios (25x vs. global 15x), risking a DII bubble while workers’ funds backed crony stocks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/th>Non-Welfare (% Total)<\/th>Welfare (% Total)<\/th>Commercial\/Infra (% Total)<\/th>Private Benefit from Infra (\u20b9 Lakh Crore)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2014-15<\/td>62%<\/td>19%<\/td>9%<\/td>1.0<\/td><\/tr>
2015-16<\/td>62%<\/td>20%<\/td>10%<\/td>1.2<\/td><\/tr>
2016-17<\/td>63%<\/td>19%<\/td>11%<\/td>1.5<\/td><\/tr>
2017-18<\/td>64%<\/td>19%<\/td>12%<\/td>2.0<\/td><\/tr>
2018-19<\/td>65%<\/td>18%<\/td>12%<\/td>2.5<\/td><\/tr>
2019-20<\/td>66%<\/td>18%<\/td>13%<\/td>3.0<\/td><\/tr>
2020-21<\/td>72%<\/td>17%<\/td>14%<\/td>3.5<\/td><\/tr>
2021-22<\/td>71%<\/td>18%<\/td>15%<\/td>4.5<\/td><\/tr>
2022-23<\/td>71%<\/td>18%<\/td>17%<\/td>5.5<\/td><\/tr>
2023-24<\/td>70%<\/td>19%<\/td>18%<\/td>6.0<\/td><\/tr>
2024-25<\/td>70%<\/td>19%<\/td>18%<\/td>6.5<\/td><\/tr>
2025-26<\/td>69%<\/td>20%<\/td>22%<\/td>8.0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

From Expenditure Profile\/PRS; includes stock propping via low-cost bonds (RBI OMO \u20b920 lakh crore).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

CAG Red Flags, CBI Probes, And Audit Cover-Ups: Shielding Mismanagement<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

CAG audits exposed escalating issues:<\/strong> unrealised taxes \u20b931.11 trillion (89.76% of gross in 2023-24, +46% YoY), fiscal deficit \u20b916.02 trillion (5.3% GDP), customs arrears \u20b951,784 crore (+22% YoY), IGST irregularities \u20b9736 crore. CBI cases (~1,200-1,600\/year) saw pendency surge to 7,072 in 2024, with ~90% reprieve for 25 opposition defectors to BJP since 2014.<\/strong> Appointments (e.g., Girish Murmu, K. Sanjay Murthy as CAG) faced bias allegations, stalling probes on \u20b93-4 lakh crore lapses and off-budget borrowings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Year<\/th>CAG Red Flag<\/th>Amount\/%<\/th>CBI Cases\/Pendency<\/th>Appointment\/Controversy<\/th>Notes<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
2014-15<\/td>Highway overruns<\/td>~\u20b915,000 crore<\/td>1,174<\/td>~10 leaders to BJP; 92% reprieve<\/td>Baseline scandals.<\/td><\/tr>
2015-16<\/td>Urban infra kickbacks<\/td>~\u20b918,500 crore<\/td>3,296<\/td>Continued crossovers<\/td>Rural lags.<\/td><\/tr>
2016-17<\/td>Rafale scrutiny<\/td>~\u20b920,000 crore<\/td>~1,200<\/td>\u2013<\/td>Infra delays.<\/td><\/tr>
2017-18<\/td>Smart cities rigging<\/td>~\u20b922,000 crore<\/td>~1,300<\/td>\u2013<\/td>Health surrenders.<\/td><\/tr>
2018-19<\/td>Airport embezzlement<\/td>~\u20b925,000 crore<\/td>~1,400<\/td>\u2013<\/td>Power off-budget.<\/td><\/tr>
2019-20<\/td>Defense offsets<\/td>~\u20b928,000 crore<\/td>~1,500<\/td>\u2013<\/td>Agri irregularities.<\/td><\/tr>
2020-21<\/td>PPE\/ventilator scams<\/td>~\u20b930,000-35,000 crore<\/td>~1,200-1,300<\/td>~10 more defectors; 80-90% relief<\/td>18-20% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr>
2021-22<\/td>Vaccine issues<\/td>~\u20b935,000 crore<\/td>~1,300<\/td>Election-timed stalls<\/td>\u2013<\/td><\/tr>
2022-23<\/td>Highway\/NREGA embezzlement<\/td>~\u20b940,000 crore<\/td>~1,400<\/td>\u2013<\/td>12-15% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr>
2023-24<\/td>Idle infra; unrealized tax<\/td>~\u20b92.5 lakh crore; \u20b931.11T (89.76%)<\/td>~1,500<\/td>\u2013<\/td>62% welfare idle; debt \u20b9171.71T (57% GDP).<\/td><\/tr>
2024-25<\/td>Customs arrears; railway lapses<\/td>\u20b951,784 Cr; \u20b9573 Cr<\/td>~1,600 (7,072 pending)<\/td>Murmu (CAG): Ignored \u20b93L Cr lapses; Murthy (from Nov): Opaque PIL<\/td>Bihar \u20b970K Cr pending; 5+ minister arrests, 80% reprieve.<\/td><\/tr>
2025-26<\/td>Fiscal lapses; IGST<\/td>~\u20b93.17 lakh crore; \u20b9736 Cr<\/td>~1,200 (529 investigations)<\/td>Murthy: Downplayed Bihar probe<\/td>Projected 10-15% unutilized.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

From CAG\/ED\/CBI\/ADR; irregularities +15% avg.\/year, pendency +136% since 2015. Realignments shielded ~\u20b94-5 lakh crore.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In total, \u20b9400+ lakh crore spent (2014-25) yielded elite gains\u2014exports, stock bubbles like DII Bubble<\/a>, corporate profits\u2014while corruption, debt, and neglect left 200 million poor unchanged. This isn’t self-reliance; it’s plunder demanding accountability.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sources: PRS India, Union Budget, CAG, CBI, NIPFP, Factly.in, CEIC, PLI\/DGFT reports.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

India\u2019s central government expenditure under the Modi regime ballooned from \u20b916.07 lakh crore in FY 2014-15 to \u20b950.65 lakh crore in FY 2025-26 (BE), a nominal CAGR of ~12%. Capital expenditure (capex) within this surged from \u20b92.4 lakh crore to … Continue reading →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-indian-economy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=154"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":160,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/154\/revisions\/160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/odrindia.in\/economy\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}